Python裝飾器,分兩部分,一是裝飾器本身的定義,一是被裝飾器對象的定義。
一、函數式裝飾器:裝飾器本身是一個函數。
1.裝飾函數:被裝飾對象是一個函數
[1]裝飾器無參數:
a.被裝飾對象無參數:
>>> def test(func):
??? def _test():
??????? print 'Call the function %s().'%func.func_name
??????? return func()
??? return _test
>>> @test
def say():return 'hello world'
>>> say()
Call the function say().
'hello world'
>>>
b.被裝飾對象有參數:
>>> def test(func):
??? def _test(*args,**kw):
??????? print 'Call the function %s().'%func.func_name
??????? return func(*args,**kw)
??? return _test
>>> @test
def left(Str,Len):
??? #The parameters of _test can be '(Str,Len)' in this case.
??? return Str[:Len]
>>> left('hello world',5)
Call the function left().
'hello'
>>>
[2]裝飾器有參數:
a.被裝飾對象無參數:
>>> def test(printResult=False):
??? def _test(func):
??????? def __test():
??????????? print 'Call the function %s().'%func.func_name
??????????? if printResult:
??????????????? print func()
??????????? else:
??????????????? return func()
??????? return __test
??? return _test
>>> @test(True)
def say():return 'hello world'
>>> say()
Call the function say().
hello world
>>> @test(False)
def say():return 'hello world'
>>> say()
Call the function say().
'hello world'
>>> @test()
def say():return 'hello world'
>>> say()
Call the function say().
'hello world'
>>> @test
def say():return 'hello world'
>>> say()
Traceback (most recent call last):
? File "
??? say()
TypeError: _test() takes exactly 1 argument (0 given)
>>>
由上面這段代碼中的最后兩個例子可知:當裝飾器有參數時,即使你啟用裝飾器的默認參數,不另外傳遞新值進去,也必須有一對括號,否則編譯器會直接將func傳遞給test(),而不是傳遞給_test()
b.被裝飾對象有參數:
>>> def test(printResult=False):
??? def _test(func):
??????? def __test(*args,**kw):
??????????? print 'Call the function %s().'%func.func_name
??????????? if printResult:
??????????????? print func(*args,**kw)
??????????? else:
??????????????? return func(*args,**kw)
??????? return __test
??? return _test
>>> @test()
def left(Str,Len):
??? #The parameters of __test can be '(Str,Len)' in this case.
??? return Str[:Len]
>>> left('hello world',5)
Call the function left().
'hello'
>>> @test(True)
def left(Str,Len):
??? #The parameters of __test can be '(Str,Len)' in this case.
??? return Str[:Len]
>>> left('hello world',5)
Call the function left().
hello
>>>
?
2.裝飾類:被裝飾的對象是一個類
[1]裝飾器無參數:
a.被裝飾對象無參數:
>>> def test(cls):
??? def _test():
??????? clsName=re.findall('(\w+)',repr(cls))[-1]
??????? print 'Call %s.__init().'%clsName
??????? return cls()
??? return _test
>>> @test
class sy(object):
??? value=32
???
>>> s=sy()
Call sy.__init().
>>> s
<__main__.sy object at 0x0000000002C3E390>
>>> s.value
32
>>>
b.被裝飾對象有參數:
>>> def test(cls):
??? def _test(*args,**kw):
??????? clsName=re.findall('(\w+)',repr(cls))[-1]
??????? print 'Call %s.__init().'%clsName
??????? return cls(*args,**kw)
??? return _test
>>> @test
class sy(object):
??? def __init__(self,value):
??????????????? #The parameters of _test can be '(value)' in this case.
??????? self.value=value
???????
>>> s=sy('hello world')
Call sy.__init().
>>> s
<__main__.sy object at 0x0000000003AF7748>
>>> s.value
'hello world'
>>>
?[2]裝飾器有參數:
a.被裝飾對象無參數:
>>> def test(printValue=True):
??? def _test(cls):
??????? def __test():
??????????? clsName=re.findall('(\w+)',repr(cls))[-1]
??????????? print 'Call %s.__init().'%clsName
??????????? obj=cls()
??????????? if printValue:
??????????????? print 'value = %r'%obj.value
??????????? return obj
??????? return __test
??? return _test
>>> @test()
class sy(object):
??? def __init__(self):
??????? self.value=32
???????
>>> s=sy()
Call sy.__init().
value = 32
>>> @test(False)
class sy(object):
??? def __init__(self):
??????? self.value=32
???????
>>> s=sy()
Call sy.__init().
>>>
?b.被裝飾對象有參數:
?
?>>> def test(printValue=True):
??? def _test(cls):
??????? def __test(*args,**kw):
??????????? clsName=re.findall('(\w+)',repr(cls))[-1]
??????????? print 'Call %s.__init().'%clsName
??????????? obj=cls(*args,**kw)
??????????? if printValue:
??????????????? print 'value = %r'%obj.value
??????????? return obj
??????? return __test
??? return _test
>>> @test()
class sy(object):
??? def __init__(self,value):
??????? self.value=value
???????
>>> s=sy('hello world')
Call sy.__init().
value = 'hello world'
>>> @test(False)
class sy(object):
??? def __init__(self,value):
??????? self.value=value
???????
>>> s=sy('hello world')
Call sy.__init().
>>>
?
?二、類式裝飾器:裝飾器本身是一個類,借用__init__()和__call__()來實現職能
1.裝飾函數:被裝飾對象是一個函數
[1]裝飾器無參數:
a.被裝飾對象無參數:
>>> class test(object):
??? def __init__(self,func):
??????? self._func=func
??? def __call__(self):
??????? return self._func()
???
>>> @test
def say():
??? return 'hello world'
>>> say()
'hello world'
>>>
b.被裝飾對象有參數:
>>> class test(object):
??? def __init__(self,func):
??????? self._func=func
??? def __call__(self,*args,**kw):
??????? return self._func(*args,**kw)
???
>>> @test
def left(Str,Len):
??? #The parameters of __call__ can be '(self,Str,Len)' in this case.
??? return Str[:Len]
>>> left('hello world',5)
'hello'
>>>
?[2]裝飾器有參數
a.被裝飾對象無參數:
>>> class test(object):
??? def __init__(self,beforeinfo='Call function'):
??????? self.beforeInfo=beforeinfo
??? def __call__(self,func):
??????? def _call():
??????????? print self.beforeInfo
??????????? return func()
??????? return _call
???
>>> @test()
def say():
??? return 'hello world'
>>> say()
Call function
'hello world'
>>>
或者:
?>>> class test(object):
??? def __init__(self,beforeinfo='Call function'):
??????? self.beforeInfo=beforeinfo
??? def __call__(self,func):
??????? self._func=func
??????? return self._call
??? def _call(self):
??????? print self.beforeInfo
??????? return self._func()
???
>>> @test()
def say():
??? return 'hello world'
>>> say()
Call function
'hello world'
>>>
?b.被裝飾對象有參數:
?
?>>> class test(object):
??? def __init__(self,beforeinfo='Call function'):
??????? self.beforeInfo=beforeinfo
??? def __call__(self,func):
??????? def _call(*args,**kw):
??????????? print self.beforeInfo
??????????? return func(*args,**kw)
??????? return _call
???
>>> @test()
def left(Str,Len):
??? #The parameters of _call can be '(Str,Len)' in this case.
??? return Str[:Len]
>>> left('hello world',5)
Call function
'hello'
>>>
?
?或者:
?
?>>> class test(object):
??? def __init__(self,beforeinfo='Call function'):
??????? self.beforeInfo=beforeinfo
??? def __call__(self,func):
??????? self._func=func
??????? return self._call
??? def _call(self,*args,**kw):
??????? print self.beforeInfo
??????? return self._func(*args,**kw)
???
>>> @test()
def left(Str,Len):
??? #The parameters of _call can be '(self,Str,Len)' in this case.
??? return Str[:Len]
>>> left('hello world',5)
Call function
'hello'
>>>
?
? 2.裝飾類:被裝飾對象是一個類
[1]裝飾器無參數:
a.被裝飾對象無參數:
>>> class test(object):
??? def __init__(self,cls):
??????? self._cls=cls
??? def __call__(self):
??????? return self._cls()
???
>>> @test
class sy(object):
??? def __init__(self):
??????? self.value=32
???
>>> s=sy()
>>> s
<__main__.sy object at 0x0000000003AAFA20>
>>> s.value
32
>>>
?b.被裝飾對象有參數:
?
?>>> class test(object):
??? def __init__(self,cls):
??????? self._cls=cls
??? def __call__(self,*args,**kw):
??????? return self._cls(*args,**kw)
???
>>> @test
class sy(object):
??? def __init__(self,value):
??????? #The parameters of __call__ can be '(self,value)' in this case.
??????? self.value=value
???????
>>> s=sy('hello world')
>>> s
<__main__.sy object at 0x0000000003AAFA20>
>>> s.value
'hello world'
>>>
?
?[2]裝飾器有參數:
a.被裝飾對象無參數:
>>> class test(object):
??? def __init__(self,printValue=False):
??????? self._printValue=printValue
??? def __call__(self,cls):
??????? def _call():
??????????? obj=cls()
??????????? if self._printValue:
??????????????? print 'value = %r'%obj.value
??????????? return obj
??????? return _call
???
>>> @test(True)
class sy(object):
??? def __init__(self):
??????? self.value=32
???????
>>> s=sy()
value = 32
>>> s
<__main__.sy object at 0x0000000003AB50B8>
>>> s.value
32
>>>
?b.被裝飾對象有參數:
?
?>>> class test(object):
??? def __init__(self,printValue=False):
??????? self._printValue=printValue
??? def __call__(self,cls):
??????? def _call(*args,**kw):
??????????? obj=cls(*args,**kw)
??????????? if self._printValue:
??????????????? print 'value = %r'%obj.value
??????????? return obj
??????? return _call
???
>>> @test(True)
class sy(object):
??? def __init__(self,value):
??????? #The parameters of _call can be '(value)' in this case.
??????? self.value=value
???????
>>> s=sy('hello world')
value = 'hello world'
>>> s
<__main__.sy object at 0x0000000003AB5588>
>>> s.value
'hello world'
>>>
?
?總結:【1】@decorator后面不帶括號時(也即裝飾器無參數時),效果就相當于先定義func或cls,而后執行賦值操作func=decorator(func)或cls=decorator(cls);
【2】@decorator后面帶括號時(也即裝飾器有參數時),效果就相當于先定義func或cls,而后執行賦值操作 func=decorator(decoratorArgs)(func)或cls=decorator(decoratorArgs)(cls);
【3】如上將func或cls重新賦值后,此時的func或cls也不再是原來定義時的func或cls,而是一個可執行體,你只需要傳入參數就可調用,func(args)=>返回值或者輸出,cls(args)=>object of cls;
【4】最后通過賦值返回的執行體是多樣的,可以是閉包,也可以是外部函數;當被裝飾的是一個類時,還可以是類內部方法,函數;
【5】另外要想真正了解裝飾器,一定要了解func.func_code.co_varnames,func.func_defaults,通過它們你可以以func的定義之外,還原func的參數列表;另外關鍵字參數是因為調用而出現的,而不是因為func的定義,func的定義中的用等號連接的只是有默認值的參數,它們并不一定會成為關鍵字參數,因為你仍然可以按照位置來傳遞它們。
更多文章、技術交流、商務合作、聯系博主
微信掃碼或搜索:z360901061

微信掃一掃加我為好友
QQ號聯系: 360901061
您的支持是博主寫作最大的動力,如果您喜歡我的文章,感覺我的文章對您有幫助,請用微信掃描下面二維碼支持博主2元、5元、10元、20元等您想捐的金額吧,狠狠點擊下面給點支持吧,站長非常感激您!手機微信長按不能支付解決辦法:請將微信支付二維碼保存到相冊,切換到微信,然后點擊微信右上角掃一掃功能,選擇支付二維碼完成支付。
【本文對您有幫助就好】元
